us-005578-irn59339-irn3432
type: RecordSet
archival history: The peg breaker was acquired by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1990.
physical characteristics and technical requirements: A long, angled peg breaker with an oval-shaped head and a wooden handle. The head of the tool is flat with a rough-textured surface on the bottom. Attached to the back end of the head, at a 90-degree angle, is a square metal bar that bends and extends away from the head at a 45-degree angle. At the end of the bar, a small, rounded metal collar fits on the end of a turned wood handle. Attached to the rounded end of the handle is a black leather hanging tab with a small slit. The surface of the wood handle is heavily worn.
conditions of access: No restrictions on access
conditions of use: No restrictions on use
date: approximately 1900-approximately 1945
has or had holder: us-005578
has or had identifier: 1
has record set type: Item
identifier: irn3432
is or was included in: us-005578-irn59339
record resource extent: overall: Height: 13.000 inches (33.02 cm) | Width: 2.000 inches (5.08 cm) | Depth: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm)
results or resulted from: 1
scope and content: Shoemaker's peg breaker, similar to those used by Jewish forced laborers in the Łódź Ghetto in German-occupied Poland from May 1940 to summer 1944. The tool is inserted into the shoe, and moved back and forth to break the wooden pegs used to hold pieces of the shoe together. The rough surface on the head of the tool both catches the pegs and smooths the broken edges. Łódź was occupied by Germany a week after the September 1939 invasion of Poland. It was renamed Litzmannstadt, and in February 1940, the Jewish population of about 160,000 people was confined to a small, sealed-off ghetto. All residents had to work, and 85 percent of the ghetto population labored in nearly 100 factories. The major ones produced textiles, including uniforms for the German Army. Occupying authorities seized much of the specialized machinery from the Jewish population, forcing them to use hand techniques for production. Due to severe overcrowding and scarce food, disease and starvation were common. The Judenrat (Jewish Council) administered the ghetto for the Germans, and chairman Mordechai Rumkowski thought hard work and high output would preserve the ghetto. However, in January 1942, mass deportations to Chelmno killing center began; half the residents were murdered by the end of the year. In summer 1944, Łódź, the last ghetto in Poland, was destroyed and the remaining Jews were sent to Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau killing centers.
title: Shoemaker's peg breaker of the type used in Łódź Ghetto