Cloth work pass with an embroidered black W used to enter and exit the Lvov ghetto
Embroidered work pass with a brown border in a plastic holder used by Salomon Goldman to exit and return to the Lvov ghetto in German occupied Poland from 1941-43, for his job as an accountant at a slaughterhouse and tanning factory. He and his wife Gusta and daughter Ilona fled Krakow for Russian controlled Lvov (Lviv, Ukraine), soon after the German invasion in September 1939. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and occupied Lvov, the Wehrmacht took over the factory. After several months, Salomon and his family were forced to move into the Jewish ghetto. In the spring of 1942, fearing liquidation of the ghetto, Salomon was offered a hiding place by a former employee, Jozef Jozak. His Russian Orthodox wife Rozalie did not want them in their home and they would not hide Ilona because they thought it would be too hard to conceal a lively 2 year-old child. Ilona was smuggled out to the countryside and placed in hiding as a Christian child with a Polish woman, Hania Seremet, paid to hide her. After 6 months, they could no longer pay for her care, and Hania dumped Ilona back with her parents, without the knowledge of the Jozak family. The three had to stay hidden nearly all the time in one small room. The family lived in hiding until the Soviet Army liberated the city in July 1944. When the was ended in May 1945, they returned to Krakow.
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Square, light brown cloth pass in a clear plastic holder. The pass has a black W stitched in the center and a pink Nazi emblem of an eagle with outspread wings clutching a swastika in its talons stamped at the top. The holder is bordered by brown painted canvas and stitched together with green thread. There is a flap of canvas on the back for inserting the pass. The back bottom edge of the border has red letters stamped on it, illegible under the stitching. center of pass, stitched, black thread : W
overall: Height: 3.625 inches (9.208 cm) | Width: 3.625 inches (9.208 cm)
Ilona (Alona) Goldman (later Frankel) was born on June 27, 1937, to Gusta and Salomon Goldman in Krakow, Poland. Salomon was born in 1901 in Bochnia and had two brothers. Gusta was born in 1904 in Oswieczim and had five brothers and sisters. Both her parents were communists, an association that was illegal at the time. Salomon and Gusta married in 1936 and live in a lavish villa Salomon had built in Bochnia. He ran a successful construction supply business and the family lived comfortably, with servants and a nanny. In September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. The family fled to Lwow (Lviv, Ukraine) in the Russian-occupied section of eastern Poland. Her father worked as the chief accountant in a tannery/slaughterhouse factory. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Jews in Lwow were forced into the ghetto. The factory where her father worked came under the control of the SS, but he retained his job. The manager, Herr Knaup, designated Salomon an essential employee which offered some protection from deportation. He also allowed the family to live in an alcove attached to the factory. Salomon would hide leftover blood and entrails from the slaughterhouse for the other Jewish workers. They would drink the coagulated blood right away and wrap the entrails around their bodies under their clothes to smuggle back into the ghetto. At some point, the Goldmans had to move into the ghetto. During one round-up, Gusta and Ilona were placed on a transport for the camps, but someone told Salomon and the boss from the factory, Bulani, came and got them released. In March 1942, the Germans began deporting Jews from the ghetto to Belzec extermination camp. At some point, Salomon was arrested and taken to Janowska camp. He was tortured for two days, and then released. Salomon constructed a hiding place in their room that you reached by crawling through the stove. There was an aktion to clear the ghetto of children and when Gusta found Ilona, they hid there with several others. In early June 1943, the Germans destroyed the ghetto, killing thousands of Jews. The remaining residents were sent to Janowska forced-labor camp or deported to Belzec. In the spring of 1942, fearing the liquidation of the ghetto, Ilona’s father had arranged a hiding place for them outside the ghetto with Jozef Jozak, a former employee of Salomon’s. Jozef’s Russian Orthodox wife, Rozalia, opposed the plan because it would endanger them and their two children. They finally agree to hide Gusta and Salomon for a payment. But they refused to hide Ilona because it would be too risky to conceal a two year-old child. Her parents arranged to have a Polish woman, Hania Seremet, hide her as a Christian girl for payment. Hania had previously abandoned a young Jewish boy at the ghetto fence when his parents were killed and the payments stopped. Ilona was smuggled out of the ghetto by Hania and taken to the village of Marcinowice, where she lived as Irena Seremet, a Christian child, with Hania’s grandparents. Ilona shepherded the horse and geese and grated potatoes for meals. Hania would occasionally give Ilona a colored pencil and tell her to make drawings to send to her parents. Gusta sent a green dress she had embroidered with flowers so Hania could take Ilona to be photographed, as proof the child was alive. Ilona was not allowed to keep this dress or other items; Hania sold them instead. Ilona slept on straw in a box with a lid that served as a bench during the day. Ilona’s parents could afford to keep her there only 6 months; the last few months were paid for with gold crowns that Salomon pried from Gusta’s mouth with his pocketknife. When the payments stopped, Hania dumped Alona at the Jozak’s door one night and Salomon and Gusta hid Alona with them in the small hiding room, without the knowledge of the Jozak family. Ilona was lice ridden, but healthy and well-fed. She did not remember her parents and spoke a Polish dialect they could not understand. They spent nearly all of their time locked in a small room, lying on the bed and telling stories. They were always hungry. Josef Jozak was an alcoholic and his wife would often take the family away and leave no food for the Goldmans. To help deal with hunger pains, Gusta would dictate a daily menu to Salomon on which Ilona sometimes drew pictures. On some occasion, Gusta had to risk leaving the house to get food. Among the few items Ilona had to occupy her time were medical textbooks that belonged to the former inhabitants of the house, a Jewish gynecologist and his family who were killed in the camps. The Jozak’s were eventually told of Ilona’s presence and she occasionally played with their son, Eidig, who was the same age. They lived in hiding until the liberation in July 1944. They had trouble walking at first, having barely left the room for over a year. The Jozak’s sixteen year old daughter had died of tuberculosis in Gusta’s arms during the war and Gusta had contracted the illness, She was placed in a hospital for terminal TB patients. Salomon put Ilona in the care of a wealthy Jewish couple, the Fishmans, who had survived the war in hiding. Salomon, still a dedicated communist, sold the newspaper Czerwony Shtandar (The Red Flag) on street corners to earn money. The Fishmans complained that Ilona was an unpleasant child who did nothing but cry and that Salomon must come and take her. He then placed Ilona in an orphanage. After Gusta’s recovery under the care of Dr. Ordung, the family was reunited and lived in one room in a shared apartment. Salomon worked again as an accountant at the slaughterhouse/tanning factory. After the war ended in May 1945, they returned to Krakow. Salomon’s brothers had both gone to the Soviet Union during the war. Henryk returned from Siberia, but David never returned. Gusta’s only remaining sibling was Salka who had emigrated to Palestine before the war; the other five siblings and their families were killed in the camps. Salomon helped Josef Jozak and his family return to Krakow. Their home in Bochnia was nationalized by the Communist government and divided into four apartments. Salomon had joined the Polish Communist Party immediately after liberation and was appointed state comptroller for all the breweries in Poland. Ilona attended a summer camp in Zakopane that was attacked by antisemites. Ilona, now eight years old, was enrolled in school and it was learned that the little girl who was always bent over a book or a piece of paper did not know how to write. She could read fluently and had felt no need to add words to the stories she drew. In 1949, an anonymous person made threats against Salomon’s life because he was Jewish. The family decided to leave Poland and sailed for Israel in December 1949, arriving on January 1, 1950. Salomon, 58, died in 1958. Alona married Zygmunt Frankel in 1958 and has two children. She became an award winning children’s author and illustrator. Gusta, age 90, died in 1994. Alona wrote a memoir of her wartime experiences in 2004, A Girl, which won the Sapir Prize. Salomon Goldman was born in 1900 in Bochnia, Poland. He had two younger brothers, Henryk and David, and their father died before David was born. His widowed mother, Rachela, supported the family by sewing day and night on a sewing machine paid for by installments, but the family was very poor. The boys attended Hebrew school. Salomon taught himself bookbinding by watching a local craftsman through the window and earned his first money binding prayer books for local school girls. When his mother fell ill, the sewing machine was repossessed. Salomon learned accounting through a correspondence course and then passed the exam for certification as an accountant. Salomon was a dedicated communist, and his brothers also joined the communist party, an illegal organization. Henryk was arrested for his political activity and imprisoned in Bereza Katuski. Salomon developed a successful business buying and selling building materials. He married a young woman even though her doctor advised them that she had a terminal illness. Nearly every day after work, Salomon would meet with farmers and laborers, unable to read or write, who knew to come to him for help with correspondence or business affairs. Salomon also knew Yiddish and would read their letters to them, then listen to and write their replies. In 1936, Salomon, now a widower, married Gusta Gruber. Gusta was born in 1904 in Oswieczim to Rivka and Shlomo, a scholar and prosperous merchant. She had five siblings. Gusta had lived in Palestine in the 1920s, and was also a communist. When they met she was working as kindergarten teacher and living a Bohemian life in Krakow. Salomon built a large villa in Bochnia where they lived very comfortably and had several servants. The couple had a daughter, Ilona, in Krakow on June 27, 1937. Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and the family escaped east to Lvov (Lviv, Ukraine) which was under Soviet control. Salomon worked as an accountant in a slaughterhouse and tanning factory. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union and occupied Lvov. In November 1941, the Germans segregated the Jews into a ghetto, shooting thousands of the sick and elderly as they walked there. The factory manager, Herr Knaup, registered Salomon as an essential employee, which provided some protection from deportation and the Goldmans lived at the factory. During one round-up, Gusta and Ilona were placed on a transport for the camps, but someone told Salomon and the boss from the factory, Bulani, came and got them released. Salomon stole entrails and blood from the slaughterhouse for the Jewish laborers who came from the ghetto to work in the factory. The workers would drink the coagulated blood immediately and wrap the entrails around their bodies under their clothes to smuggle back into the ghetto. The Goldmans eventually had to move into the ghetto. In March 1942, the Germans began deporting Jews from the ghetto to Belzec extermination camp. At some point, Salomon was arrested and taken to Janowska camp. He was tortured for two days, and then released. He constructed a hiding place in their room that you reached by crawling through the stove. There was an aktion to clear the ghetto of children and when Gusta found Ilona, they hid there with several others. In early June 1943, the Germans destroyed the ghetto, killing thousands of Jews. The remaining residents were sent to Janowska forced-labor camp or deported to Belzec. Prior to the liquidation of the ghetto, Salomon arranged a hiding place nearby with a non-Jewish Polish man, Jozef Jozak. Jozef also had fled Krakow and met Salomon when he came to have a letter read for him. He was a carpenter and once worked for Salomon. His Russian Orthodox wife, Rozalia, opposed this plan as it put them and their two children in danger. Signs posted in the city threatened those who helped Jews with death. They agreed to hide Gusta and Salomon, but refused to take Ilona as it was too risky to hide a young child. Salomon arranged to have a Polish woman, Hania Seremet, take Ilona to her village, Marcinowice, and hide her as a Christian girl for payment. Hania had previously abandoned a young Jewish boy at the ghetto fence when his parents were killed and the payments stopped. After a few months, Salomon and Gusta had no money; the last payments were made with the gold caps from Gusta’s teeth that Salomon dug out with his pocketknife. After the payments stopped, Hania dumped Ilona at the Jozak’s door one night. Salomon and Gusta had to hide Ilona with them, without the knowledge of the Jozak’s. Ilona was lice ridden, but healthy and well-fed. She did not remember her parents and spoke a Polish dialect they could not understand. At some point, Salomon was arrested and taken to Janowska camp. He was tortured for two days, and then released. Gusta finally told the Jozak’s of Ilona’s presence. The three rarely moved from the small hiding room and often spent time lying on the bed telling stories. They were always hungry and every day Gusta would create an elaborate menu that Salomon would record in a notebook. A cookbook received on their wedding day was one of their few remaining possessions. Rozalia never stopped wishing they would go away and would leave the family without food, sometimes for days. During these times, Gusta would disguise herself and sneak out to find food. The Goldmans were hidden by the Jozak's until the liberation of Lvov in July 1944 by the Red Army. They had trouble walking at first, having barely left the small room for eighteen months. The Jozak’s sixteen year old daughter had died of tuberculosis in Gusta’s arms during the war and Gusta had contracted the illness, She was placed in a hospital for terminal TB patients. Salomon put Ilona in the care of a wealthy Jewish couple, the Fishmans, who had survived the war in hiding. Salomon, still a dedicated communist, sold the newspaper Czerwony Shtandar (The Red Flag) on street corners to earn money. The Fishmans complained that Ilona was an unpleasant child who did nothing but cry and that Salomon must come and take her. He then placed Ilona in an orphanage. After Gusta’s recovery under the care of Dr. Ordung, the family was reunited and lived in one room in a shared apartment. Salomon worked again as an accountant at the slaughterhouse/tanning factory. After the war ended in May 1945, they returned to Krakow. Salomon’s brothers had both gone to the Soviet Union during the war. Henryk returned from Siberia, but David never returned. Gusta’s only remaining sibling was Salka who had emigrated to Palestine before the war; the other five siblings and their families were killed in the camps. Salomon helped Josef Jozak and his family return to Krakow. Salomon and David returned to Bochnia and dug up valuables David had buried in the cellar. Salomon’s villa was nationalized by the Communist government and divided into four apartments. David became a member of the Party apparatus and moved away. Salomon had joined the Polish Communist Party immediately after liberation and was appointed state comptroller for all the breweries in Poland. Ilona attended a camp for Jewish children in Zakopane that was attacked by antisemitic Poles. Eight year old Ilona was enrolled in school and it was learned that the little girl who was always bent over a book or a piece of paper did not know how to write. She could read fluently and had felt no need to add words to the stories she drew. In 1949, an anonymous person made threats against Salomon’s life because he was Jewish. The family decided to leave Poland and sailed for Israel in December 1949, arriving on January 1, 1950. Salomon, 58, died in 1958. Alona married Zygmunt Frankel in 1958 and has two children. She became an award winning children’s author and illustrator. Gusta, age 90, died in 1994. In 2004, Alona wrote a memoir of her wartime experiences, A Girl, which was awarded the Sapir Prize.
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The work pass was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2009 by Alona Frankel, the daughter of Gusta and Salomon Goldman.